Evaluation of cardiac anatomy and normal variants on multidetector CT - a pictorial review

Abstract

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: (1) To give an overview of recent advances in multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) that enables evaluation of cardiac anatomy. (2) To provide a spectrum of cardiac anatomy and normal variants using line diagrams and CT images. (3)Highlight the standard anatomical terminologies used when reporting cardiac CT. DESCRIPTION: A thorough knowledge of cardiac anatomy and its variations is paramount when reporting cardiac CT. Traditionally, detailed coronary anatomy was difficult to appreciate on standard CT. With availability of MDCT combined with multiplanar post-processing, volume rendering as well as specific acquisition technologies, excellent depiction of fine structural cardiac anatomy is now possible and has revolutionized cardiac imaging to an extent that it is now an essential tool in routine clinical practice. In this presentation, we will describe anatomy of normal coronary arteries, cardiac chambers, and cardiac valves with the aid of line diagrams and CT images (including MPR, MIP and 3D volume-rendered images). Normal variants including anomalous origins of coronary arteries will also be reviewed. We will examine post-processing techniques, imaging planes and common pitfalls while interpreting cardiac CT. In addition, standard terminologies used while reporting anatomy of cardiac CT will be discussed. CONCLUSION: We hope to have availed the observer with a concise pictorial review of CT cardiac anatomy enabling quick and accurate interpretation. Knowledge of cardiac anatomy is crucial for precise assessment and interpretation of cardiac CT and we believe this presentation will stimulate general radiologists and trainees to develop further interest in cardiac imaging.