Ketamine-associated uropathy: A review of Hong Kong experience

Abstract

Ketamine had been the most commonly abused drug in Hong Kong from 2006 to 2014. The recognition of ketamine uropathy as a distinct disease entity in Hong Kong began in 2007. Ketamine uropathy included damage to the bladder, ureters and kidneys. Urological evaluation of ketamine abusers began with non-invasive modalities including uroflowmetry and ultrasonography, these investigations served as risk assessment for upper tract damage. Different successful care delivery models - outreach clinic, nurse-led clinic, one-stop clinic, and in-patient program - shared a common core value of patience and care.