A Systematic Review on Cornea Epithelial-Stromal Homeostasis

Abstract

Introduction This review aims to summarise the role of different cells, genes, proteins and lipid in regulating cornea epithelial-stromal homeostasis. Methods We performed an Entrez PubMed literature search using keywords 'human', 'cornea', 'epithelial', 'stromal', 'homeostasis', 'fibrosis response', and 'pathogenesis' on 24th of September 2019, resulting in 35 papers, of which 18 were chosen after filtering for 'English language' and 'published within 10 years' as well as curation for relevance by the authors. Results The 18 selected papers showed that corneal epithelial cells, fibroblasts and telocytes, together with genes such as Klf4, Pax6 and Id found in the cells, play important roles in achieving homeostasis to maintain corneal integrity and transparency. Proteins classified as pro-fibrotic ligands and anti-fibrotic ligands are responsible for regulating cornea stromal fibrosis and extracellular matrix deposition, thus regulators of scar formation during wound healing. Anti-inflammatory ligands and wound repairing ligands are critical in eliciting protective inflammation and promoting epithelial healing respectively. Protein receptors located on cellular membrane play a role in maintaining intercellular connections as well as corneal hydration. Discussion/ Conclusion These studies prompt development of novel therapeutic strategies such as tear drops or ointments that target certain proteins to maintain corneal homeostasis. However, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required to prove the effectiveness of exogenous administration of molecules in improving healing outcome. Hence, more future investigation of the molecular pathways highlighted in this review will reveal novel therapeutic tools such as gene or cell therapy to treat corneal diseases.