Dystonia - An update review

Abstract

Dystonia is defined as a syndrome of sustained muscle contractions that frequently cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Classification can be based on etiology and distribution of the dystonia. The pathogenesis of primary dystonia is unknown. Secondary causes (e.g. Wilson's disease) should be excluded if initial neurological examination shows atypical features, and appropriate investigations should be performed. Treatment is largely symptomatic. Medical treatment includes anti- cholinergics, baclofen and tetrabenazine, but is not always effective. Botulinum toxin injection is a safe and effective way of treating focal dystonias.