Use of 3-acetoxymethoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl as an EPR oximetry probe: Potential for in vivo measurement of tissue oxygenation in mouse brain

Abstract

Measurement of oxygen concentration and distribution in the brain is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of stroke. Low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with a paramagnetic probe is an attractive imaging modality that potentially can be used to map O2 concentration in the brain. We examined two nitroxides, 3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2, 5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl [2] and 3-acetoxymethoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5- tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl [3], as pro-imaging agents to deliver 3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl [1] across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In primary cultured neurons, nitroxide [3] but not [2] was hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to [1], which, being anionic at physiologic pH, was well retained intracellularly. In contrast, [2] was not well retained by neurons. In vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in mice suggested that esterase-labile nitroxide [3] crossed the BBB, and was converted to [1] and retained. Retention occurred in brain tissue and not in the extensive vasculature, as evidenced by the fact that removal of blood by whole-body saline perfusion did not eliminate the nitroxide EPR signal from the brain. The EPR linewidths of [1] and [3] were more O2-sensitive than that of the commonly-used oximetry probe 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine- d16-1-15Noxyl [4]. Moreover, we used [3] in vivo to estimate O2 concentration in mouse brains. These results indicate that nitroxide [3] could be useful for mapping O2 distribution in the brain following stroke. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.