Risk and resilience frameworks in understanding special education

Abstract

Risk and resilience frameworks highlight the importance of studying the developmental trajectory of risk and protective factors across the lifespan, as well as the interactions among these factors. Evidence suggests that children raised with multiple adverse influences, including disabilities, may still achieve positive outcomes, given the right combination and timing of protective factors. This article illustrates the use of the risk and resilience frameworks in guiding research and policy in special education. Risk and protective factors that arise from the interaction of individual, family, and school/community characteristics are discussed, including implications for assessment, intervention, and teacher preparation.