Materials and fractal designs for 3D multifunctional integumentary membranes with capabilities in cardiac electrotherapy

Abstract

A study was performed to show that advanced designs and materials approaches provide capabilities for cardiac electrotherapy in an advanced 3D-MIM platform. The core component of the devices reported here is an array of 8 electrodes distributed around the circumference of the heart. These electrodes provide direct interfaces for delivering spatially and temporally programmed electrical stimulation across a large area of the epicardium. PEDOT:PSS coatings: 0.2 g of EDOT added to 200 mL deionized water, stirred overnight for complete dissolution, followed by 0.4 g of PSSNa yielded the solution for electro-polymerization. Immersing the selected electrodes on the 3D-MIM into the solution and applying a constant voltage for 10 min, formed the desired coating, as evidence by a change in the color of the electrode surface from gold to dark blue/black. Immersing the selected electrodes on the 3D-MIM into the solution and applying a constant voltage for 10 min, formed the desired coating, as evidence by a change in the color of the electrode surface from gold to dark blue/black. Concepts in fractal geometry allow large area, conformal electrodes suitable for delivering cardiac electrical stimulation, and for sensing cardiac electrical activity. Surface coating materials improve the electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes, in ways that are naturally compatible with the platform and its fabrication.