Development and validation of a prognostic tool for identifying residents at increased risk of death in long-term care facilities

Abstract

To promote better care at the end stage of life in long-term care facilities, a culturally appropriate tool for identifying residents at the end of life is crucial. Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate a prognostic tool, the increased risk of death (IRD) scale, based on the minimum data set (MDS). Design: A retrospective study using data between 2005 and 2013 from six nursing homes in Hong Kong. Setting/Subjects: A total of 2380 individuals were randomly divided into two equal-sized subsamples: Sample 1 was used for the development of the IRD scale and Sample 2 for validation. Measurements: The measures were MDS 2.0 items and mortality data from the discharge tracking forms. The nine items in the IRD scale (decline in cognitive status, decline in activities of daily living, cancer, renal failure, congestive heart failure, emphysema/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, edema, shortness of breath, and loss of weight), were selected based on bivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: The IRD scale was a strong predictor of mortality in both Sample 1 (HRsample1 = 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-1.65) and Sample 2 (HRsample2 = 1.31, 1.19-1.43), after adjusting for covariates. Hazard ratios (HRs) for residents who had an IRD score of 3 or above for Sample 1 and Sample 2 were 3.32 (2.12-5.21) and 2.00 (1.30-3.09), respectively. Conclusions: The IRD scale is a promising tool for identifying nursing home residents at increased risk of death. We recommend the tool to be incorporated into the care protocol of long-term care facilities in Hong Kong. © Copyright 2019, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2019.