黨爭漩渦中的太學─—以北宋哲宗朝太學的人事變動為中心作考察

Abstract

Under the reign of Emperor Zhezong in the Northern Song, how did factional disputes in the court infiltrate the middle and lower levels of the bureaucracy and extend to the entire group of scholar-officials? Different factions had their own forces in the middle and lower levels of the bureaucracy. How did such forces impact the political structure at the top of the bureaucracy as well as the long-term development of different factions? This article focuses on the Imperial University, a middle and lower level element of the bureaucracy, and first investigates the changes in university personnel in the Yuanyou era. It demonstrates how political agendas of different factions impacted their power distribution at the university. With reference to their rise and fall on campus, it suggests a periodization of the development of the Imperial University in the Yuanyou era. The second part of this article discusses how the reformers resumed their control of the Imperial University after Zhezong assumed personal rule and how the political situations inside the university were related between the late Yuanyou and early Shaosheng eras. It then illustrates how the Imperial University affected the later restoration of the reformers. This comprehensive survey of the power distribution among different factions at the Imperial University shows how reformers and anti-reformers argued for and against the Three Hall system and the examinations for educational officials. It also reveals how factional disputes between the Luo and Shu factions within the community of anti-reformers and competition between the two reformers Zhang Dun and Cai Bian took place at the Imperial University. This study of changes in personnel at the Imperial University deepens our understanding of the political situation under the reign of Emperor Zhezong.

北宋哲宗一朝黨爭熾熱，然而朝中黨爭如何擴散至官僚體系的中、下層以至整個士大夫群體？各黨在中、低級官僚機構和士大夫群體內的勢力又如何從下而上影響官僚體制上層的政治結構以至各黨的長遠發展？本文以太學這一中下層官僚機構為例，考證元祐時期太學之人事變動，展現各黨的政策方針如何影響其在太學的勢力分佈，並試圖按各黨勢力之消長，區分其在太學勢力發展的分期變化。第二部分論述哲宗親政後新法黨恢復對太學的操控，探討元祐晚期與紹聖初年太學內政治形態的關連，進而闡釋新法黨的全面復興與太學之關係。最後，通過深入考察哲宗朝支持和反對新法兩大派不同勢力在太學中的分佈，可知除了新舊兩黨圍繞著三舍法和學官試等學制的興廢爭論不休外，太學這一機構亦呈現反變法派不同集團之爭和新黨的章惇和蔡卞集團之爭，由此可見研究太學的人事變動某程度上能深化我們對哲宗朝政治局面的了解。