Branched-chain amino acids alleviate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats

Abstract

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a prevalent disease in countries around the world. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine cannot be synthesized by the body and have been shown to promote muscle buildup; thus, it is logical to suggest that BCAAs can reduce fat deposition in the body. We used gonadectomized rats fed a high-fat diet to investigate the effects of BCAAs on lipid metabolism over an 8-week experimental period. Body composition, tissue histology, plasma lipid indices, and hormone levels were examined. We demonstrated that the body weights of rats were not significantly decreased but the mesenteric fat was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in BCAA-treated rats. In addition, BCAAs decreased plasma lipid levels and fat deposition in the liver. At week 4, when the untreated rats displayed macrovesicular steatosis, BCAA-treated rats had only macrovesicular droplets in their hepatocytes. At week 8, when the untreated rat livers displayed profound inflammation and cirrhosis, BCAA-treated rat livers remained in the macrovesicular stage of steatosis. BCAAs induced higher blood glucose and plasma insulin levels (p < 0.05). BCAAs also improved liver blood flow by increasing mean arterial blood pressure and decreasing portal pressure, which helped delay the change in blood flow pattern to that of cirrhosis. BCAAs also induced the skeletal muscle to express higher levels of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase E1α, which indicates an enhanced metabolic capacity of BCAAs in muscle tissue. This study clearly demonstrates the effects of BCAAs on the amelioration of fat deposition in rats fed a high-fat diet.