An Adapted 3p (precursor-process-product) Framework For Development Of Holistic Competencies – “approach To Develop” In Out Of Classroom

Abstract

The development of students’ holistic competencies is a key imperative of higher education. This study formulated and tested a conceptual framework that models (a) the acquisition of holistic competencies as the outcomes of students’ approach to develop the competencies in out-ofclassroom contexts and (b) the approach as in turn affected by the characteristics and perceptions of the learners. The term “approach to develop” is coined for the development of competencies in out-of-classroom settings as distinguished from the approach to learn in academic contexts. Selfreport measures were developed for the framework’s variables, and the data collected from 207 participants on the measures allowed the framework to be tested as a structural model. The model was supported by good data fit, and the results suggested that students’ approach to develop is a critical outcome determinant, quantifiable as an overall engagement level and is affected by learners’ characters and perceptions of the environments.