Double-Resonant Nanostructured Gold Surface for Multiplexed Detection

Abstract

A novel double-resonant plasmonic substrate for fluorescence amplification in a chip-based apta-immunoassay is herein reported. The amplification mechanism relies on plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF) effect. The substrate consists of an assembly of plasmon-coupled and plasmon-uncoupled gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) immobilized onto a glass slide. Plasmon-coupled AuNPs are hexagonally arranged along branch patterns whose resonance lies in the red band (∼675 nm). Plasmon-uncoupled AuNPs are sprinkled onto the substrate, and they exhibit a narrow resonance at 524 nm. Numerical simulations of the plasmonic response of the substrate through the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method reveal the presence of electromagnetic hot spots mainly confined in the interparticle junctions. In order to realize a PEF-based device for potential multiplexing applications, the plasmon resonances are coupled with the emission peak of 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) fluorophore and with the excitation/emission peaks of cyanine 5 (Cy5). The substrate is implemented in a malaria apta-immunoassay to detect Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) in human whole blood. Antibodies against Plasmodium biomarkers constitute the capture layer, whereas fluorescently labeled aptamers recognizing PfLDH are adopted as the top layer. The fluorescence emitted by 5-FAM and Cy5 fluorophores are linearly correlated (logarithm scale) to the PfLDH concentration over five decades. The limits of detection are 50 pM (1.6 ng/mL) with the 5-FAM probe and 260 fM (8.6 pg./mL) with the Cy5 probe. No sample preconcentration and complex pretreatments are required. Average fluorescence amplifications of 160 and 4500 are measured in the 5-FAM and Cy5 channel, respectively. These results are reasonably consistent with those worked out by FDTD simulations. The implementation of the proposed approach in multiwell-plate-based bioassays would lead to either signal redundancy (two dyes for a single analyte) or to a simultaneous detection of two analytes by different dyes, the latter being a key step toward high-throughput analysis.