Overall and sex-specific effect of berberine for the treatment of dyslipidemia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials

Abstract

<h3>Background</h3><p>Berberine is a nutraceutical that can improve lipid metabolism. Berberine may also affect sex hormones and exert sex-specific lipid-modifying effects, which have been overlooked. This study aimed to comprehensively review the efficacy and safety of berberine in adults for the treatment of dyslipidemia with consideration of potential sex disparity.</p><p><em>Data Sources</em> We searched Medline, Embase, Wanfang, CNKI, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from inception to 13 December 2022. No language restrictions were applied. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021293218) prior to completing the literature search.</p><p><em>Study Selection</em> Two blinded reviewers assessed studies for inclusion. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials in adults that compared berberine versus placebo, and measured blood lipids or lipoproteins.</p><p><em>Data Extraction and Synthesis</em> Data extraction was performed by two blinded reviewers using a structured form in Covidence. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials. Mean differences (MD) were estimated using inverse variance weighting with random effects models for lipid outcomes using R. Adverse events (AEs) were described narratively.</p><p><em>Main Outcomes</em> Primary outcomes were low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B. Secondary outcomes were gastrointestinal and muscle-related AEs.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Eighteen studies (<em>n</em> = 1788 participants), conducted mainly in mainland China and Hong Kong (15 studies [83%]), were included with treatment durations ranging from 4 to 24 weeks. Berberine reduced LDL cholesterol (− 0.46 mmol/L, 95% CI − 0.62 to − 0.30, 14 studies, <em>n</em> = 1447), total cholesterol (− 0.48 mmol/L, 95% CI − 0.63 to − 0.33, 17 studies, <em>n</em> = 1637), triglycerides (− 0.34 mmol/L, 95% CI − 0.46 to − 0.23, 18 studies, <em>n</em> = 1661) and apolipoprotein B (− 0.25 g/L, 95% CI − 0.40 to − 0.11, 2 studies, <em>n</em> = 127). Berberine increased HDL cholesterol by 0.06 mmol/L (95% CI 0.00 to 0.11, 15 studies, <em>n</em> = 1471). Notably, the effect on HDL cholesterol was different in women (0.11 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.13) from that in men (− 0.07 mmol/L, 95% CI − 0.16 to 0.02). Among 16 studies that reported AEs, no serious AEs were reported for berberine. Gastrointestinal AEs were reported in 12 studies and tended to be more frequent in participants allocated to berberine versus placebo (2–23% vs 2–15%).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Berberine produces small reductions in LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B, with potential sex-specific effects on HDL cholesterol. Large-scale trials that consider sex disparity and assess clinical outcomes are required.</p>