Chronic exposure to ambient PM<inf>2.5</inf>/NO<inf>2</inf> and respiratory health in school children: A prospective cohort study in Hong Kong

Abstract

Despite increasing concerns about the detrimental effects of air pollution on respiratory health, limited evidence is available on these effects in the Hong Kong population, especially in children. In this prospective cohort study between 2012 and 2017, we aimed to investigate the associations between exposure to air pollution (concentrations of fine particulate matter [PM2.5] and nitrogen dioxide [NO2]) and respiratory health (lung function parameters and respiratory diseases and symptoms) in schoolchildren. We recruited 5612 schoolchildren aged 6–16 years in Hong Kong. We estimated the annual average concentrations of ambient PM2.5 and NO2 at each participant's address using spatiotemporal models. We conducted spirometry tests on all participants to measure their lung function parameters and used a self-administered questionnaire to collect information on their respiratory diseases and symptoms and a wide range of covariates. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the associations between exposure to air pollution and lung function. Mixed-effects logistic regression models with random effects were used to investigate the associations of exposure to air pollution with respiratory diseases and symptoms. In all of the participants, every 5-μg/m3 increase in the ambient PM2.5 concentration was associated with changes of − 13.90 ml (95 % confidence interval [CI]: −23.65 ml, −4.10 ml), − 4.20 ml (−15.60 ml, 7.15 ml), 27.20 ml/s (−3.95 ml/s, 58.35 ml/s), and − 19.80 ml/s (−38.35 ml/s, −1.25 ml/s) in forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow, and maximal mid-expiratory flow, respectively. The corresponding lung function estimates for every 5-μg/m3 increase in the ambient NO2 concentration were − 2.70 ml (−6.05 ml, 0.60 ml), − 1.40 ml (−5.40 ml, 2.60 ml), − 6.60 ml/s (−19.75 ml/s, 6.55 ml/s), and − 3.05 ml/s (−11.10 ml/s, 5.00 ml/s), respectively. We did not observe significant associations between PM2.5/NO2 exposure and most respiratory diseases and symptoms. Stratified analyses by sex and age showed that the associations between exposure to air pollution and lung function parameters were stronger in male participants and older participants (11–14 year old group) than in female participants and younger participants (6–10 year old group), respectively. Our results suggest that chronic exposure to air pollution is detrimental to the respiratory health of schoolchildren, especially that of older boys. Our findings reinforce the importance of air pollution mitigation to protect schoolchildren's respiratory health.