Associations of residential greenness with unhealthy consumption behaviors: Evidence from high-density Hong Kong using street-view and conventional exposure metrics

Abstract

Aim: Residential greenness was theoretically associated with health-related consumption behaviors concerning the socio-ecological model and restoration environment theory, but empirical studies were limited, especially in high-density cities. We examined the associations of residential greenness with unhealthy consumption behaviors (infrequent breakfast consumption, infrequent fruit consumption, infrequent vegetable consumption, alcohol drinking, binge drinking, cigarette smoking, moderate-to-heavy smoking, and heavy smoking) using street-view and conventional greenness metrics in high-density Hong Kong. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed survey data from 1,977 adults and residence-based objective environmental data in Hong Kong. Street-view greenness (SVG) was extracted from Google Street View images using an object-based image classification algorithm. Two conventional greenness metrics were used, including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from Landsat 8 remote-sensing images and park density derived from a geographic information system database. In the main analyses, logistic regression analyses together with interaction and stratified models were performed with environmental metrics measured within a 1000-m buffer of residence. Results: A standard deviation higher SVG and NDVI were significantly associated with fewer odds of infrequent breakfast consumption (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.71–0.94 for SVG; OR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.73–0.95 for NDVI), infrequent fruit consumption (OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.77–0.94 for SVG; OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.77–0.94 for NDVI), and infrequent vegetable consumption (OR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.66–0.92 for SVG; OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.69–0.94 for NDVI). The higher SVG was significantly associated with less binge drinking and the higher SVG at a 400-m buffer and a 600-m buffer were significantly associated with less heavy smoking. Park density was not significantly associated with any unhealthy consumption behaviors. Some of the above significant associations were moderated by moderate physical activity, mental and physical health, age, monthly income, and marital status. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential beneficial impact of residential greenness, especially in terms of street greenery, on healthier eating habits, less binge drinking, and less heavy smoking.