Humoral and Cellular Immunogenicity of 3 Doses of BNT162b2 in Children With Kidney Diseases

Abstract

<h3>Introduction</h3><p>Patients with severe kidney diseases are at risk of complications from COVID-19; however, little is known about the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in children and adolescents with kidney diseases.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We investigated the immunogenicity and safety of an accelerated 3-dose primary series of COVID-19 vaccination among 59 pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (mean age 12.9 years; 30 male) with or without immunosuppression, dialysis, or kidney transplant. Dosage was 0.1 ml BNT162b2 to those aged 5 to 11 years, and 0.3 ml BNT162b2 to those aged 11 to 18 years.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Three doses of either vaccine type elicited significant antibody responses that included spike receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) IgG (90.5%–93.8% seropositive) and surrogate virus neutralization (geometric mean sVNT% level, 78.6%–79.3%). There were notable T cell responses. Weaker neutralization responses were observed among those on immunosuppression, especially those receiving higher number of immunosuppressants or on mycophenolate mofetil. Neutralization was reduced against Omicron BA.1 compared to wild type (WT, i.e., ancestral) (post-dose 3 sVNT% level; 82.7% vs. 27.4%; <em>P</em> < 0.0001). However, the T cell response against Omicron BA.1 was preserved, which likely confers protection against severe COVID-19. Infected patients exhibited hybrid immunity after vaccination, as evidenced by the higher Omicron BA.1 neutralization response among these infected patients who received 2 doses compared with those who were uninfected. Generally mild or moderate adverse reactions following vaccines were reported.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>An accelerated 3-dose primary series with BNT162b2 is immunogenic and safe in young children and adolescents with kidney diseases.</p>