Development of current and future high-resolution gridded emission inventory of anthropogenic air pollutants for urban air quality studies in Hanoi, Vietnam

Abstract

<p>A high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) emission inventory was developed for Hanoi for 2017 and 2018. The total annual emissions of PM2.5, BC, OC, NOx, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CH4, and CO were 14.9, 1.6, 2.9, 56.7, 19.1, 109.2, 23.0, 37.9, and 472.7 Gg, respectively. Transportation, industry, and agriculture contributed 89.1%, 92.2%, and 81.3% to the total emissions of PM2.5, BC, and OC, respectively. Transportation contributed 72.4%, 52.1%, and 72.5% to the emissions of NOx, NMVOC, and CO, respectively. Industry contributed 64.9% to the emissions of SO2. Agriculture was a major source of NH3 and CH4, contributing 84.2% and 76.6%, respectively. Future emissions of select sectors were estimated for 2030. The emissions from transportation can increase in the range of 26.9% (CH4) to 245.8% (NH3), despite the consideration of the EURO 5 standard. For domestic cooking, transitioning from coal to liquefied petroleum gas can help reduce the emissions of most pollutants in the range of 10.4% (NH3) to 52.6% (OC), except NOx and NMVOC. The crop residue burning (CRB) ban could reduce emissions in the range of 0.27 Gg (SO2) to 138.4 Gg (CO) in 2030, respectively. The study can help policy-makers to develop strategies for air pollution mitigation in developing economies such as Hanoi.<br></p>