Immunogenicity and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines in Patients Receiving Renal Replacement Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Systematic data on the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccine in patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) remains limited. We conducted a meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccine in patients on RRT. Methods: Eligible studies were identified by systematic literature search in four electronic databases. Twenty-seven studies (4,264 patients) were included for meta-analysis. 99% patients received mRNA vaccine. Results: Patients on RRT showed inferior seropositivity after two-dosed COVID-19 vaccine, 44% lower than the general population. Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) had significantly lower seropositivity than patients on haemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) (26.1 vs. 84.3% and 92.4% respectively, p < 0.001 for both). Compared with healthy controls, KTRs, HD and PD patients were 80% (95% CI: 62–99%), 18% (95% CI: 9–27%) and 11% (95% CI: 1–21%) less likely to develop antibodies after vaccination (p < 0.001, <0.001 and 0.39 respectively). In KTRs, every 1% increase in using mycophenolate was associated with 0.92% reduction in seropositivity (95% CI: −1.68, −0.17, p = 0.021) at population level. The overall adverse event rate attributed to vaccination was 2.1%. Most events were mild. Conclusion: Patients on RRT, particularly KTRs, had significantly reduced antibody response after two-dosed COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccination is generally well tolerated. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42021261879.