Digital well-being : investigation of conceptual network dynamics and its motivational determinants

Abstract

This thesis investigates digital well-being (DWB) as both a multidimensional psychological outcome and a dynamic construct influenced by individual protective/risk factors and motivational engagement. Two independent, related studies (a longitudinal panel network analysis and a lab-based experiment) were conducted, providing theoretical and empirical insights into the concept and mechanisms of DWB. Study 1 employed a three-wave longitudinal design using self-report data collected via Qualtrics over a four-month period (N = 222). Network analysis revealed that DWB is a distinct construct composed of affective, cognitive, and social dimensions. The cognitive component, operationalized as online intrinsic needs satisfaction (i.e., autonomy and competence), consistently emerged as the central aspect. The limited temporal relationship among DWB dimensions and the network structure of DWB and psychopathologies further distinguished DWB from general mental health, showing two independent clusters bridged only by a negative association between intrinsic online need satisfaction and anxiety symptoms. Moreover, digital empathy and connectedness (i.e., the social dimension of DWB) predicted lower levels of anxiety symptoms over time, underscoring the protective potential of meaningful digital social interactions. Study 1 also revealed nuanced relationships between DWB and coping strategies. Avoidant coping, typically viewed as a maladaptive coping style for the long term in the offline environment, was linked to short-term improvements in digital self-control and affective well-being. In contrast, problem-focused coping, while adaptive offline, led to reduced digital literacy and enjoyment. Study 2 utilized an experimental design to test how motivationally aligned digital engagements influence DWB. Participants were randomly assigned to complete tasks designed to fulfill hedonic (Pleasure), cognitive (Learning), or identity-based (Expression) motivational needs. Unexpectedly, hedonic engagement via video streaming did not increase affective DWB but significantly improved cognitive and social well-being. The expression task improved affective DWB, while learning-based activities showed no significant effects, highlighting the need to reconsider and operationalize internet cognitive gratification in the age characterized by a “culture of shallow knowledge,” which describes a prevalent approach to information where engagement lacks the sustained cognitive effort, critical thinking, and synthesis necessary for genuine understanding or mastery. Collectively, the findings point to the context-dependent and motivation-driven nature of DWB. Not all active use and engagement of technologies and web-based activities enhance well-being, and not all passive use is harmful. This thesis contributes to a more dynamic, theory-driven understanding of DWB, which highlights the importance of alignment between digital activities, individual needs, and psychological capacities for attaining optimal levels of digital wellness.