Promising clean energy development: Practice, challenges, and policy implications

Abstract

Current models about the epidemiology, and pathophysiology, of individual affected with severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS2) infection presents a causative link between congenital heart disease, elevation in arterial blood pressure, airway obstruction, and pulmonary hypertension preconditions. The propensity to infection is influenced by particulate matter and poor air quality that is often exhibited in the processes of generating electrical power or operation of heavy industries (steel or cement manufacturing). This is in addition to the well-document rise of carbon dioxide, generation of acid rain, greenhouse gases, and changes in global weather patterns. The combined threat of global warming and the SARS2 epidemic has focused minds on the mitigation strategies by substituting fossil fuels with cleaner alternates or replacement. One path for the utilization of a cleaner energy production system is the conversion of coal to hydrogen production as the hydrogen-based economy is discussed. The challenges and likely implementation of hydrogen as an emerging energy resource during the transition from coal are described, taking into account the problems related to hydrogen production, distribution, storage, and use. The integration of renewable and nonrenewable hydrogen sources (electron, photon, pumped hydro, or carbon) is evaluated by taking into account their availability, levelized cost, and the efficiency to transform these resources into hydrogen.