Associations Between Physical Features and Behavioral Patterns in Macau Outdoor Community Public Spaces and Older Adults’ Performance of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

Abstract

Objective: This exploratory study examines potential associations between the physical features and behavioral patterns of outdoor community public spaces and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) performance of older adults in Macau. IADLs refer to abilities that reflect functional independence and cognitive capacity. Methods: Nine representative public spaces were selected in Macau. Field measurements of spatial features, non-participant behavioral observations, and standardized IADL assessments were conducted. Spearman’s correlation and multiple regression analyses were employed to examine relationships among environmental factors, observed behaviors, and IADL scores. Variable selection is based on theoretical support and statistical methods, including correlation analysis and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) diagnostics. Results: Findings suggest that a higher visible greenery ratio and a greater density of resting facilities are positively associated with IADL performance. Conversely, frequent engagement in sedentary activities, such as playing board or card games, appears to be linked to lower functional independence. Conclusions: This study highlights possible associations between public space characteristics and older adults’ functional independence. The results underscore the need to further explore how spatial design and behavioral patterns may relate to aging in urban environments. Enhancing green visibility and increasing resting facilities could potentially support functional independence, whereas reducing prolonged sedentary behaviors may also be beneficial. These insights offer preliminary guidance for policymakers and urban planners aiming to develop more age-friendly environments in high-density cities.