Helical secondary structure of the external S3-S4 linker of pacemaker (HCN) channels revealed by site-dependent perturbations of activation phenotype

Abstract

If, encoded by the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated channel family (HCN1-4), contributes significantly to neuronal and cardiac pacing. Recently, we reported that the S3-S4 residue Glu-235 of HCN1 influences activation by acting as a surface charge. However, it is uncertain whether other residues of the external S3-S4 linker are also involved in gating. Furthermore, the secondary conformation of the linker is not known. Here we probed the structural and functional role of the HCN1 S3-S4 linker by introducing systematic mutations into the entire linker (defined as 229-237) and studying their effects. We found that the mutations K230A (-62.2 ± 3.4 mV versus -72.2 ± 1.7 mV of wild type (WT)), G231A (-64.4 ± 1.3 mV), M232A (V1/2 = -63.1 ± 1.1 mV), and E235G (-65.4 ± 1.5 mV) produced depolarizing activation shifts. Although E229A and M232A decelerated gating kinetics (<13- and 3-fold, respectively), K230A and G231A accelerated both activation and deactivation (<∼2-3-fold). D233A, S234A, V236A, and Y237A channels exhibited WT properties (p > 0.05). Shortening the linker (EVY235-237ΔΔΔ) caused depolarizing activation shift and slowed kinetics that could not be explained by removing the charge at position 235 alone. Secondary structural predictions by the modeling algorithms SSpro2 and PROF, along with refinements by our experimental data, suggest that part of the S3-S4 linker conforms a helical structure with the functionally important residues Met-232, Glu-235, and Gly-231 (|ΔΔG|>1 kcal/mol) clustered on one side.