HAI-2 is epigenetically downregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma, and its Kunitz domain type 1 is critical for anti-invasive functions

Abstract

Pharmacological demethylation-based gene expression profile analysis is a useful tool to identify epigenetically silenced tumour suppressor genes. HGF activator inhibitor 2 (HAI-2), a serine protease inhibitor, has been identified as one of the candidate tumour suppressor genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with this technique. In this study, we aimed to characterise the epigenetic status and tumour suppressive function of HAI-2 in HCC. We validated that HAI-2 expression was either absent or low in most of the HCC cell lines tested, and 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment significantly restored its expression in 9 (75%) of these 12 cell lines. HAI-2 was found to be frequently underexpressed in human HCCs (p < 0.001). With bisulphite DNA sequencing and methylation-specific PCR, we found that the promoter of the HAI-2 gene was frequently hypermethylated in both HCC cell lines and human HCCs. Ectopic expression of HAI-2 significantly inhibited cell migration and invasiveness of HCC cells in vitro and suppressed tumourigenicity in vivo. In addition, we also provided the first evidence that HAI-2 mediated its tumour suppressor function via the Kunitz domain 1 (KD-1), as KD-1 but not KD-2 inactivating mutant abolished its anti-tumour invasiveness in vitro. Our findings suggest that HAI-2 is a candidate tumour suppressor gene that is frequently hypermethylated and underexpressed in human HCCs, and the KD-1 domain of HAI-2 is the key region responsible for its anti-invasive function. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.