The effects of loving-kindness meditation (LKM) on mental health : an assessment using neurophysiological and psychological measures

Abstract

Chronic stress and depression can adversely affect an individual’s productivity and overall quality of life (QoL). Loving-kindness meditation (LKM) has been proposed as a beneficial preventive technique; however, the search for reliable biomarkers to quantify its effects remains incomplete. This study aimed to analyse observed neurophysiological changes in inexperienced LKM practitioners and utilise psychological scales to assess the effects of LKM on various aspects of well-being. Twelve LKM meditation-novice participants completed 10 LKM sessions over 2-3 months with concurrent 128-channel EEG/ECG. Psychological well-being was assessed using validated instruments at baseline, post-intervention, and at a 6-month follow-up. Analyses demonstrated a significant enhancement of 4-13 Hz oscillatory activity (p < 0.01), particularly within the 8-10 Hz lower alpha band (p < 0.0001), between pre- and post-LKM intervention, resting recordings. Furthermore, the LKM intervention resulted in significant elevations in time-domain heart rate variability measures, including AVNN and SDNN. These findings suggest that LKM modulates neural oscillations towards relaxed, meditative brain states, underscoring its capacity to elicit physiological relaxation and enhance autonomic function. Psychological measures indicated increases in compassion, loving kindness, and life satisfaction, as well as decreased levels of perceived stress and depression following the LKM intervention. These benefits persisted at follow-up, though diminished, emphasising the need for continuous practice to maintain these effects. This study provided evidence of the neurophysiological and psychological benefits of loving-kindness meditation (LKM), highlighting its potential as a therapeutic intervention for enhancing mental health. The results underscored the significance of sustained practice in maximising the lasting benefits of LKM. Future research should explore the long-term effects of LKM and its application across diverse populations to further validate its efficacy.