Chip-Scale in Situ Salinity Sensing Based on a Monolithic Optoelectronic Chip

Abstract

Salinity is an indispensable parameter for various applications such as biomedical diagnostics, environmental chemical analysis, marine monitoring, etc. Miniaturized salinity sensors have significant potential in portable applications in various scenarios and designs with highly desirable features of convenience, reliability, economy, and high sensitivity and also the capability of real-time measurements. Herein, we demonstrate a highly refractive index-sensitive sensor based on a microscale III-nitride chip that consists of a light emitter and a photodetector. This highly monolithically integrated chip shows an excellent sensitivity of salinity of 2606 nA/(mol/L) (or 446 nA/%) and a response time of 0.243 s. In addition, wireless communication technologies can be easily integrated with the sensing device, which enables automatic remote control for data collection and postprocessing. Remarkably, a polymer-based antifouling coating on the surface of the sensing chip has been established to significantly improve its long-term stability in mimicked marine water. The demonstrated ultrasensitive, ultracompact, cost-effective, fast response, wireless-compatible, and easy-to-use features endow the current device with a huge potential for in situ salinity sensing under varying environmental conditions.