Quorum sensing in Porphyromonas gingivalis and oral microbial interactions: a scoping review

Abstract

Objective: Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal pathogen, interacts with other oral microbes through quorum sensing, enhancing its growth and virulence, which contributes to periodontitis. This scoping review aims to examine the role of quorum sensing in the interactions between P. gingivalis and other oral microbial species. Methods: Two independent researchers conducted a systematic search using the keywords {[(quorum sensing) OR QS] AND [(Porphyromonas gingivalis) OR P. gingivalis]} for English publications prior to 2025 from Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. They screened titles and abstracts, retrieving full texts of original studies to identify key concepts and findings regarding the quorum sensing of P. gingivalis in oral microbial ecosystems. Results: A total of 205 publications were identified, of which 26 were included in the review. These studies demonstrated quorum sensing of P. gingivalis and other bacteria through signal molecules Autoinducer-1 and Autoinducer-2. Autoinducer-1 enhances the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis, facilitating its integration into complex oral microbial communities. Autoinducer-2 fosters cooperative or competitive relationships between P. gingivalis and other periodontal pathogens, modifying the structure of oral biofilms. Additionally, researchers are studying the use of quorum sensing inhibitors to reduce the virulence of P. gingivalis for managing periodontitis and restoring microbial balance in the oral cavity. Conclusion: Quorum sensing enhances the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis in the oral environment. Through the modulation of Autoinducer-1 and Autoinducer-2, quorum sensing regulates interactions between P. gingivalis and other oral microbes. This study demonstrates the need for further research into quorum sensing-targeted interventions in periodontal therapy.