Predictive factors for postoperative pulmonary complications and mortality after esophagectomy for cancer

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed at: (1) documenting the evolution of surgical results of esophagectomy in a high-volume center, (2) identifying predictive factors of pulmonary complications and mortality, and (3) examining whether preoperative chemoradiation therapy would complicate postoperative recovery. Summary Background Data: Pulmonary complications and mortality rate after esophagectomy remain substantial, and factors responsible have not been adequately studied. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation is widely used; it is hypothesized that this may lead to adverse postoperative outcome. Methods: Prospectively collected data were used to analyze outcome in 421 patients with intrathoracic squamous cell esophageal cancer who underwent resection. Logistic regression analyses determined independent predictors of pulmonary complications and death. Two time periods were compared: period I (January 1990 to June 1995) and period II (July 1995 to December 2001). In the later period, neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy was introduced. Results: Transthoracic resections were carried out in 83% of patients. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation was given to 42% of patients in period II. Major pulmonary complications occurred in 15.9%, and were primarily responsible for 55% of hospital deaths. Thirty-day and hospital mortality rates were 1.4% and 4.8%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis identified age, operation duration, and proximal tumor location as risk factors for pulmonary complications, whereas advanced age and higher blood loss were predictive of mortality. Chemoradiation did not lead to worse outcome. When period I and II were compared, hospital mortality rate reduced from 7.8% to 1.1%, P = 0.001, with correspondingly less blood loss (median blood loss was 700 ml (range: 200-2700 (period I) and 450 ml (range: 100-7000) (period II), P < 0.01). Conclusion: A 1.1% mortality rate was achieved in the last 6 years of the study period. Preoperative chemoradiation did not result in worse outcome. Reduction in mortality rate correlated with decreased blood loss.